Why this matters for foreign investors Under Turkish law, foreign individual or corporate shareholders/directors must obtain a Turkish tax number before they can be added to MERSİS and proceed with company incorporation. In addition, certain structures—especially the Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.)—require a pre-registration capital deposit into a bank account opened in the company’s name. Without…
Overview Under the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), it is possible for a company established in Turkey to relocate its headquarters abroad. However, this process is subject to strict legal requirements, including protecting creditors, obtaining tax and social security clearance, and formal trade registry procedures. Legal Requirements To move a company headquarters abroad, the following conditions…
Why Open a Branch in Turkey? Foreign companies often prefer establishing a branch in Turkey rather than a new legal entity when: In Turkey, a branch is treated as a domestic commercial enterprise, but it is not an independent legal entity — it operates under the foreign company’s identity. Legal Framework Related reading: Company Formation…
What is Company Liquidation? Liquidation is the legal process of closing a company in Turkey, involving the settlement of debts, collection of receivables, sale of assets, and final distribution of remaining value to shareholders. A company may be liquidated voluntarily by its shareholders or compulsorily (e.g., through bankruptcy). During liquidation, the company continues to exist…
Why Share Transfers Matter Foreign investors often enter Turkey not only by establishing new companies but also by acquiring existing shares. Turkish law allows this, but the process varies significantly depending on whether the company is a Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.) or a Limited Company (Ltd. Şti.). Share Transfer in Joint Stock Companies (A.Ş.) This…
Overview of Audit Requirements in Turkey Auditing is an essential element of corporate governance in Turkey. The Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) and sector-specific laws require certain companies to undergo independent auditing to ensure transparency, investor confidence, and compliance with international standards. Audits in Turkey are divided into: Independent Audit (Threshold-Based) Capital companies must undergo an…
Why Documents Matter in Turkish Company Formation Even though Turkey’s company setup process is modernised through MERSİS, missing or incorrectly prepared documents can delay registration. Below you’ll find the exact checklist depending on the company type: Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.), Limited Company (Ltd. Şti.), Cooperative, Collective Company, and Limited Partnership. 1. Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.)…
Company Establishment in Turkey | An Overview Thanks to the Central Registration System (MERSİS), the process of establishing a company in Turkey is fast, transparent, and open to both local and foreign investors. In fact, if documents are prepared correctly, the registration can be completed in as little as one day at the Trade Registry…
What is a Cooperative Company? A Cooperative Company in Turkey is a unique form of business entity regulated under the Cooperatives Law No. 1163. Unlike capital companies (A.Ş. or Ltd. Şti.) or private companies, cooperatives are based on partnership, solidarity, and mutual economic benefit of their members. They are widely used in sectors like agriculture,…
What is a Limited Partnership? A Limited Partnership in Turkey is a business structure that combines unlimited liability partners and limited liability partners under one entity. It is regulated by the Turkish Commercial Code. Unlike a Collective Company, where all partners are fully liable, a limited partnership distinguishes between active partners (unlimited liability) and dormant…
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